Pernyataan Masalah Penyelidikan

MENGENAL PASTI MASALAH KAJIAN

Langkah pertama dalam proses penyelidikan ialah mengenal pasti masalah. Masalah kajian merujuk kepada isu pendidikan atau ’concern’ yang penyelidik persembahkan dan justifikasi dalam research study.

Secara umum, pernyataan masalah bertumpu kepada;

1.       Gambaran apa yang dikaji/ apakah yang hendak dikaji

2.       Rasional untuk melakukan kajian tersebut/ mengapa ia perlu dikaji

3.       Bagaimanakah masalah itu telah dapat dikenalpasti

4.       Apakah faktor-faktor yang membawa kepada masalah tersebut.

Ciri-ciri penting dalam membentuk permasalahan kajian;

1.       Masalah mestilah benar-benar wujud dan dialami oleh individu atau sekumpulan individu.

2.       Perlu adanya objektif yang hendak dicapai

3.       Perlu ada pelbagai pilihan atau alternatif atau cara dalam mencapai matlamat tersebut

4.       Penyelidik tidak pasti alternatif manakah yang perlu diambil untuk mencapai matlamat

5.       Masalah wujud dalam persekitaran yang boleh dikaji

Sumber-sumber masalah/ isu yang dikaji

1.       Pengalaman sendiri/ orang lain

2.       Karya

3.       Teori

4.       Kehidupan seharian (comman sense)

5.       Isu

6.       Kajian lepas

Ciri-ciri penyelidikan Saintifik

Ciri-ciri penyelidikan Saintifik adalah;

1.Bertujuan
2.Mendalam (Rigorous)
3.Boleh diuji
4.Boleh diulang (Replicable)
5.Kejituan(Precision)
6.Keyakinan (Confidence)
7.Generalisasi (Generalizability)
8.Parsimoni (Parsimonious)

Types of Quantitative Research

Types of Quantitative Research are;

1. Experimental Design
2. Ex Post Facto Research
3. Correlational Research
4. Survey Research

What is Ethics in Research & Why is it Important?

David B. Resnik, J.D., Ph.D.
http://www.niehs.nih.gov/research/resources/bioethics/whatis/

1.When most people think of ethics (or morals), they think of rules for distinguishing between right and wrong, such as the Golden Rule ("Do unto others as you would have them do unto you"), a code of professional conduct like the Hippocratic Oath ("First of all, do no harm"), a religious creed like the Ten Commandments ("Thou Shalt not kill..."), or a wise aphorisms like the sayings of Confucius. This is the most common way of defining "ethics": norms for conduct that distinguish between acceptable and unacceptable behavior.

2.The following is a rough and general summary of some ethical principals that various codes address*:

       Honesty

Strive for honesty in all scientific communications. Honestly report data, results, methods and procedures, and publication status. Do not fabricate, falsify, or misrepresent data. Do not deceive colleagues, granting agencies, or the public.

       Objectivity

Strive to avoid bias in experimental design, data analysis, data interpretation, peer review, personnel decisions, grant writing, expert testimony, and other aspects of research where objectivity is expected or required. Avoid or minimize bias or self-deception. Disclose personal or financial interests that may affect research.

       Integrity

 Keep your promises and agreements; act with sincerity; strive for consistency of though and action.

       Carefulness

Avoid careless errors and negligence; carefully and critically examine your own work and the work of your peers. Keep good records of research activities, such as data collection, research design, and correspondence with agencies or journals.

Openness

Share data, results, ideas, tools, resources. Be open to criticism and new ideas

Respect for Intellectual Property

Honor patents, copyrights, and other forms of intellectual property. Do not use unpublished data, methods, or results without permission. Give credit where credit is due. Give proper acknowledgement or credit for all contributions to research. Never plagiarize.

Confidentiality

Protect confidential communications, such as papers or grants submitted for publication, personnel records, trade or military secrets, and patient records.

Responsible Publication

Publish in order to advance research and scholarship, not to advance just your own career. Avoid wasteful and duplicative publication.

Responsible Mentoring

Help to educate, mentor, and advise students. Promote their welfare and allow them to make their own decisions.

Respect for colleagues

Respect your colleagues and treat them fairly.

       Social Responsibility

Strive to promote social good and prevent or mitigate social harms through research, public education, and advocacy.

Non-Discrimination

Avoid discrimination against colleagues or students on the basis of sex, race, ethnicity, or other factors that are not related to their scientific competence and integrity.

Competence

Maintain and improve your own professional competence and expertise through lifelong education and learning; take steps to promote competence in science as a whole.

Legality

Know and obey relevant laws and institutional and governmental policies.

Animal Care

Show proper respect and care for animals when using them in research. Do not conduct unnecessary or poorly designed animal experiments.

Human Subjects Protection

When conducting research on human subjects, minimize harms and risks and maximize benefits; respect human dignity, privacy, and autonomy; take special precautions with vulnerable populations; and strive to distribute the benefits and burdens of research fairly.

* Adapted from Shamoo A and Resnik D. 2009. Responsible Conduct of Research, 2nd ed. (New York: Oxford University Press).

Typical Stages In Research

Typical Stages In Research are ;

1. Selecting a problem.
2. Reviewing the literature on the problem.
3.Designing the research.
4.Collecting the data.
5.Analyzing the data.
6.Interpreting the findings and stating conclusions.
7.Reporting the results.

Types of Qualitative Research

1. Types of Qualitative Research are;

Type                                Major Question
1. Ethnography               What are the culture and perspective of this group of people in its natural  
                                         setting?
2.Case study                    What are the characteristics of this individual, organization or group?
3.Document Analysis      What can be learned about this phenomena by studying these document?
4.Naturalistic                   What can be learned by unobtrusively observing behavior as it normal
   Observation                   occurs?
5. Focused                        What can be learned about a particular topic by interviewing members of
   Interview                       this group?
6.Phenomenological        What does the experience mean for the participants in the experience?
   Study
7.Grounded Theory         What theory can be derived inductively about a phenomenon from data
                                         collected in this particular setting?
8.Historical                      What insights or conclusions can be reached about this past event?

                                                                                                                                       Ary et al (2002)

Salam 1 Malaysia.

Di sini saya ingin berkongsi video dari youtube yang menerangkan tentang pernyataann masalah yang baik dan kurang baik. Harap ia dapat membantu anda.

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